Ancient Settlement of Kyzylkala
The history of Mangystau dates back thousands of years with the ancient city of Kyzylkala being the proof as it was first mentioned in the 10th century. However, there is every reason to believe that the city existed for many years before it was first mentioned in written sources.
Kyzylkala was strategically located on one of the routes of the Silk Road, a network of trade routes connecting China, the Far East, and Europe. Kyzylkala was a rich city of merchants and artisans, where they produced earthenware and glassware, processed iron and copper, and made jewelry. Archaeologists have found iron sickles and millstones here, which suggests that the locals were also engaged in agriculture.
Certain archaeological discoveries provide insight into the countries from which caravans traversed the steppes of Mangystau. Iranian dishes, Egyptian and Chinese jewelry, and Baltic amber were found there.
In Kyzylkala, scientists discovered the ruins of a jewelry workshop. There is evidence that local jewelers were familiar with rather difficult metalworking techniques. For example, they used amalgam (an alloy of gold and mercury) to deposit a thin layer of gold onto bronze or silver items. Gemstones, such as jade, lapis lazuli, carnelian, quartz, and amber were often used.
As befits a trading city, there was a large caravanserai (a roadside inn) in Kyzylkala, where merchants could stop and rest after a long journey. To ensure the safety of caravans, the city was well fortified. The ruins of a large fortress with twelve towers were discovered there. The fortress was surrounded by more than two hundred residential buildings. In winter, local nomads set up their yurts (traditional round dwellings made of felt) around the settlement.
The city was last mentioned in the 13th century. Soon after, it lost its significance and eventually was abandoned. There were several reasons for this: the Mongol invasion, a change in the direction of trade routes, and the development of maritime trade.
How to get there?
Kyzylkala is located about 170 kilometers (106 mi) away from the city of Aktau. The impressive Mount Sherkala stands just 1.7 kilometers (1 mi) southwest of the settlement. It can be seen from afar and can help you find Kyzylkala. The nearest village to Kyzylkala is Shetpe – 17 kilometers (10.5 mi) to the northwest.
It is highly recommended to travel around Mangystau by off-road vehicle since many attractions are only accessible by dirt roads. You can also get to Shetpe by train, and hire a driver there.